No doubt to rattle the international markets (the price of oil shot up
yesterday) several more times soon, Iran threatend
to block Strait of Hormuz oil route.
The last few weeks have seen the latest round of a cycle that has played
out repeatedly over the last several years: Israel escalates claims that Iran
is close to attaining a bomb that could threaten the existence of the Jewish
state. The United States and Europe then propose hardened sanctions aimed at
deterring that activity -- while Washington makes sure to note that military
options remain on the table -- and Iran responds by threatening to disrupt the
shipment of oil through the Strait of Hormuz, enervating global energy markets.
The rhetoric in this circumstance belies the actors' capabilities. Israel knows
it has limited ability to launch a successful airstrike on Iran, while the
United States wants to avoid a new war with a Persian Gulf state, and Tehran
does not want to incur the economic cost of shutting down the Strait of Hormuz
yet does threaten it would proceed.
Not only does Iran’s most reliable trading partner
China receive 40% of its oil via the Strait (so China would prevent it trough backchannels) there are also other reasons Iran
won't do it anytime soon.
Closing the strait,
while I have referred to it before, is not nearly as easy as
Adm. Habibollah Sayari,
commander of the Iranian Navy, would have it.
Admiral Habibollah
Sayari says Iran could easily close the Strait of
Hormuz
Iran tried this before and failed miserably. In 1984, during the
Iran-Iraq War, Saddam Hussein attacked Iranian oil tankers and the Iranian
oil-processing facility at Kharq Island. Iran struck
back by attacking Kuwaiti tankers carrying Iraqi crude and then other tankers
in the Persian Gulf. In 1987, after years of growing disruptions in this vital
waterway, President Ronald Reagan responded by offering to reflag Kuwaiti
tankers with the U.S. flag and provide U.S. naval escort. Iran shied away from
direct attacks on U.S. warships but continued sowing mines, staging attacks
with small patrol boats, and firing a variety of missiles at tankers.
On April 14, 1988, the guided-missile frigate USS Samuel B. Roberts
struck an Iranian mine; no sailors were killed but several were injured and the
ship nearly sank. The U.S. Navy responded by launching Operation Praying
Mantis, its biggest surface combat action since World War II.
Half a dozen U.S. warships in two separate Surface Action Groups moved
in to destroy two Iranian oil platforms. The Iranians responded by sending
armed speedboats, frigates and F-4 aircraft to fire at the U.S. warships.
In defending themselves, the American vessels sank at least three
Iranian speedboats, one gunboat and one frigate; other Iranian ships and
aircraft were damaged. The only major U.S. loss occurred when a Marine Corps
Sea Cobra helicopter crashed, apparently by accident, killing two crewmen.
The war all but ended less than three months later when the guided
missile cruiser USS Vincennes mistakenly fired a surface-to-air missile at an
Iranian passenger airliner that it had mistaken for a fighter jet. The plane
was destroyed and 290 people killed. Although this was an accident, the Iranian
regime was convinced that Washington was escalating the conflict and decided to
reach a truce with Iraq.
The greatest loss suffered by U.S. forces during this whole conflict
occurred in 1987 when an Iraqi aircraft fired an Exocet missile that hit the
frigate USS Stark, killing 37 sailors and injuring 21. (Saddam Hussein claimed
this was an accident.)
The Iranians had little to show for their efforts: Lloyd's of London
estimated that the Tanker War resulted in damage to 546 commercial vessels and
the deaths of 430 civilian mariners but many of those losses were caused by
Iraq, not Iran. While these attacks temporarily disrupted the free passage of
oil, they did not come close to closing the strait.
Despite the unveiling of a new antiship cruise
missile called the Qader, Iran's conventional naval
and air forces—on display during the Veleyat 90 naval
exercises in the Persian Gulf which ended Monday— are still no match for the
U.S. and its allies in the region. The U.S. alone has in the area two carrier
strike groups, an expeditionary strike force (centered around an amphibious
assault ship that is in essence a small aircraft carrier), and numerous
land-based aircraft at bases such as Al Udied in
Qatar, Al Dafra in the United Arab Emirates, and Isa
Air Base in Bahrain. The U.S. and our Arab allies (which are equipped with a
growing array of modern American-made equipment such as F-15s and F-16s) could
use overwhelming force to destroy Iran's conventional naval forces in very short
order.
Iran's real ability to disrupt the flow of oil lies in its asymmetric
war-fighting capacity. Iran has thousands of mines(and any ship that can carry
a mine is by definition a mine-layer), a small number of midget submarines,
thousands of small watercraft that could be used in swarm attacks, and antiship cruise missiles. If the Iranians lay mines, it
will take a significant amount of time to clear them. It took several months to
clear all mines after the Tanker War, but a much shorter period to clear safe
passages through the Persian Gulf to and from oil shipping terminals.
Antiship cruise missiles are mobile,
yet those can also be found and destroyed. Yono
submarines are short-duration threats, they eventually have to come to port for
resupply, and when they do they will be sitting ducks. U.S. forces may take
losses, as they did with the hits on the USS Stark and Samuel B. Roberts, but
they will prevail and in fairly short order.
The Iranians must realize that the balance of forces does not lie in their
favor. By initiating hostilities they risk American retaliation against their
most prized assets, their covert nuclear-weapons program. The odds are good,
then, that the Iranians will not follow through on their saber-rattling
threats.
But this heated rhetoric does suggest how worried the Iranians are about
the potential impact of fresh sanctions on
their oil industry.
Conclusion: Iran has mastered the art of
crisis escalation and de-escalation. In this way, the regime in Tehran
resembles North Korea, which has deliberately cultivated a perception of
unpredictability and, despite crushing sanctions, has kept itself at the center
of the international agenda of most of the world’s top powers for more than a
decade. Through its cycle of escalating and de-escalating threats, Iran thus
expects it will continue reminding the world of its leverage over the
geopolitically sensitive Strait of Hormuz.
Tehran could not keep the straits closed for long -- perhaps no more
than a handful of days -- but that alone would still temporarily block shipment
of a fifth of all traded global oil, sending prices rocketing and severely
denting hopes of global economic recovery. But such action would swiftly
trigger retaliation from the United States and others that could leave the
Islamic republic militarily and economically crippled. The true purpose of its
recent saber-rattling, many analysts suspect, may be more a mixture of
deterring foreign powers from new sanctions and distracting voters from rising
domestic woes ahead of legislative elections in March. The real risk remains
that in playing largely to domestic audiences, policymakers in Washington, Tel Aviv
and Tehran inadvertently spark something much worse than they ever intended.
The most likely outcome however is that next month rhetoric will be
cooling again and U.S. sanctions will start to leave space for allies of the
United States to continue buying Iranian crude (albeit at reduced levels). In
fact Washington and Europe might reach out to Iran once again for a diplomatic
dialogue thereby sideling Israel.
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