By Eric Vandenbroeck and co-workers

India and Pakistan Attack Each Other’s Territories Well Beyond Their Disputed Kashmir Border

The attack in Pahalgam was one of the deadliest in recent memory for the restive region, and is threatening to aggravate already icy bilateral ties.

Police in Indian-administered Kashmir say they identified three suspects, two of whom are Pakistani, in Tuesday’s Pahalgam Attack that killed 26 people. India has summoned Pakistan’s top diplomat in New Delhi as ties between the two countries continue to suffer.

Pakistan warned that any attempt by India to stop or divert the flow of water under the Indus Waters Treaty would be considered an “act of war,” also threatening to suspend the 1972 Simla Agreement, a peace treaty that established the de facto Line of Control that divides Kashmir between the two countries; India, under the Hindu-nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party, established direct control over its portion of the majority-Muslim territory in 2019, effectively ending the region’s semi-autonomous status.

India fired missiles into Pakistani-controlled territory in several locations early Wednesday in what Pakistan's leader called an act of war.

Hours after India conducted a series of strikes on terror sites in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK), dubbed Operation Sindoor, the government said that the hits had destroyed the camp where terrorists Ajmal Kasab and David Headley had trained.

India and Pakistan have fought three full-scale wars since they gained independence from Britain in 1947. They’ve also had dozens of skirmishes and conflicts, including one atop a glacier dubbed the coldest and highest-altitude battlefield in the world.

The latest escalation follows a deadly gun attack on tourists that India blames Pakistan for — Islamabad denies any connection. But they don’t fight wars like other countries.

The dominant factor is their style, a distinct way of deterring major attacks and a guarantee that fighting doesn’t get out of hand, even when the situation is spiraling.

Here’s how — and why — India and Pakistan fight the way they do:

 

Their nuclear arsenals can destroy each other

“Pakistan and India have enough nuclear weapons to wipe the other side out several times over,” says security analyst Syed Mohammed Ali, who is based in Islamabad, the Pakistani capital. “Their nuclear weapons create a scenario for mutually assured destruction.”

Both countries have “deliberately developed” the size and range of their stockpile to remind the other about the guarantee of mutually assured destruction, he adds.

Neither country discloses their nuclear capabilities, but each is thought to have between 170 and 180 warheads that are short-, long-, and medium-range. Both countries have different delivery systems — ways of launching and propelling these weapons to their targets.

The arsenals are a defensive move to prevent and deter further fighting, because “neither side can afford to initiate such a war or hope to achieve anything from it,” Ali says.

It might not look this way to the outsider, but nuclear weapons are a reminder to the other side that they can’t take things too far.

But the secrecy around their arsenals means that it’s unclear if Pakistan or India can survive a first nuclear strike and retaliate, something called “second-strike capability.”

This capacity stops an opponent from attempting to win a nuclear war through a first strike by preventing aggression that could lead to nuclear escalation.

Without this capability, there is, in theory, nothing to stop one side from launching a warhead at the other.

 

Kashmir at the crux of the dispute

India and Pakistan have each laid claim to Kashmir since 1947, when both gained independence, and border skirmishes have created instability in the region for decades. Each country controls a part of Kashmir, which is divided by a heavily militarized border.

The two archrivals have also fought two of their three wars over Kashmir, a disputed Himalayan region divided between them where armed insurgents resist Indian rule. Many Muslim Kashmiris support the rebels’ goal of uniting the territory, either under Pakistani rule or as an independent country.

Indian soldiers guard at a market in Srinagar, Indian controlled Kashmir, Tuesday, May 6, 2025

Border flare-ups and militant attacks in India-controlled Kashmir have prompted New Delhi to take an increasingly tough position on Islamabad, accusing it of “terrorism.”

In the latest conflict, India punished Pakistan by hitting what it said were sites used by Pakistan-backed militants linked to a gun massacre last month.

 

A conventional military imbalance

India is one of the biggest defense spenders in the world, with $74.4 billion in 2025, according to the Military Balance report from the International Institute for Strategic Studies. It’s also one of the world’s largest arms importers.

Pakistan is no slouch, spending $10 billion last year, but it can never match India’s deep pockets. India also has more than double the number of active armed forces personnel than Pakistan does.

While India’s armed forces are traditionally focused on Pakistan, it has another nuclear neighbor to contend with, China, and it is increasingly concerned with maritime security in the Indian Ocean. Those are two factors that Pakistan doesn’t have to consider in its security paradigm.

Pakistan’s long and narrow shape, together with the outsized role of the military in foreign policy, makes it easier to move the armed forces around and prioritize defense.

 

A pattern of escalation and defusing

Neither Pakistan or India are in a hurry to announce their military moves against the other and, as seen in the current flare-up of hostilities, it can take a while for confirmation of strikes and retaliation to surface.

But both launch operations into territories and airspace controlled by the other. Sometimes these are intended to damage checkpoints, installations, or sites allegedly used by militants.

They are also aimed at embarrassing or provoking — forcing leaders to bow to public pressure and respond, with the potential for miscalculation.

Many of these activities originate along the Line of Control, which divides Kashmir between India and Pakistan. It’s largely inaccessible to the media and public, making it hard to independently verify claims of an attack or retaliation.

Such incidents raise international alarm, because both countries have nuclear capabilities, forcing attention back to India and Pakistan and, eventually, their competing claims over Kashmir.

The fear of nuclear war has put the two countries at the top of the agenda, competing with the papal conclave, U.S. President Donald Trump’s policies, and the Sean “Diddy” Combs trial in the news cycle.

A motorcyclist drive through a checkpoint on an entry point to a garrison area, where a suspected Indian drone crashed, in Lahore, Pakistan, Thursday, May 8, 2025.

 

No desire for conquest, influence, or resources

Pakistan and India’s battles and skirmishes are away from the public eye.

Strikes and retaliation are late at night or early in the morning, and, except for the drone attacks on Thursday, they mostly take place away from densely populated urban centers. It shows that neither country has the desire to significantly harm the other’s population. Attacks are either described as surgical or limited.

Neither country is motivated by competition for resources. Pakistan has huge mineral wealth, but India isn’t interested in these, and while there are stark ideological differences between Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan, they don’t seek control or influence over the other.

Other than Kashmir, they have no interest in claiming the other’s territory or exercising dominance.

 

Conflict has escalated rapidly

India and Pakistan were engaged on Friday in their most expansive military conflict in decades, with widespread accounts of attacks in both countries well beyond their disputed Kashmir border.

The conflict has escalated rapidly since Indian airstrikes hit targets in Pakistan and the Pakistani-controlled side of Kashmir on Wednesday. The combat has widened despite diplomatic efforts to ease tensions: There were reports of nonstop barrages along the border overnight into Friday, as well as reports of attacks by Pakistan into the Indian city of Jammu, a part of Kashmir.

 

REFERENCES:

Following the Pahalgam terrorist attack on 22 April 2025, a crisis emerged between India and Pakistan,(4) sparked by the killing of 25 Indian tourists by the militants in Kashmir. The Resistance Front (TRF) initially claimed responsibility for the attack.(10+ 11)Armed skirmishes between India and Pakistan were reported along the Line of Control (LoC) beginning on 24 April. On 7 May 2025, India launched missile strikes in Pakistan, leading to a military conflict between the two countries. On 7 May 2025 Pakistan's Army responded by launching a blitz on Poonch, Jammu killing 16 civilians and hundreds of homes.(12 + 13) A ceasefire was announced on 10 May 2025 following an agreement between India and Pakistan.(14)

The crisis emerged between the two countries after the Pahalgam terrorist attack, as India accused Pakistan of sponsoring the militants, though Pakistan denied its involvement. India initiated with the expulsion of Pakistani diplomats, recalling its diplomatic staff, suspending visa services, and suspending the Indus Waters Treaty,(1). Pakistan suggested an international inquiry into the terrorist attack, which India rejected.(15) Pakistan initially responded with trade restrictions, closure of airspace and border crossings, and suspension of the Shimla Agreement.(4) Between 24 April and 6 May, Pakistan and India engaged in skirmishes including cross-border firing and intermittent artillery shelling.(16)

On 7 May 2025, India launched missile strikes on Pakistan, codenamed Operation Sindoor. According to India, the missile strikes targeted the militant groups Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba. According to Pakistan, the Indian strikes targeted civilian areas, including mosques, killing 31 Pakistani civilians. In return, Pakistan said they had downed a number of Indian jets and damaged Indian infrastructure. On 7 May 2025, Pakistan launched a mortar attack on Jammu and Kashmir killing one Indian solider, 16 civilians including a Sikh temple Ragi,(17) 12 year old twins, and leaving 43 wounded.(12) It was believed to be the heaviest shelling attack since the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971,(18) and destroyed 31 schools, hundreds of homes, and a Sikh temple.(13) The military hostilities continued until a ceasefire was reached on 10 May 2025.(19)

Background

An Islamist armed insurgency broke out in Jammu and Kashmir in the late 1980s, which resulted in the exodus of Kashmiri Hindus from the region and the insurgency has been ongoing since.(20)

On 22 April 2025, a terrorist(21)(22)(23) attack at Baisaran Valley near Pahalgam in the Anantnag district of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir killed at least 26 tourists and injured more than 20 others.(24)(25) According to eyewitness testimonies provided to Indian media outlets, assailants reportedly questioned potential victims about their religious identity before opening fire, specifically targeting non-Muslims.[26]

The attack became among the deadliest attacks against Indian civilians in the region since 2000. The Resistance Front (TRF), believed to be an offshoot of the Pakistan-based, UN-designated terrorist group Lashkar-e-Taiba,[11][27][10] initially claimed responsibility. They stated that the attack was in opposition to Indian government policy allowing Indian citizens to live and work in Kashmir, that resulted in non-local settlement in the region.[28][27] Four days later, they retracted their claim.[29]

Diplomatic crisis

On the night of 23 April 2025, the Indian foreign secretary Vikram Misri held a special press briefing after a meeting with the CCS. He announced India's decision to temporarily suspend the Indus Waters Treaty with Pakistan with immediate effect until Pakistan ceases its support for cross-border terrorism.[30] He further announced the closure of the integrated check post at Attari–Wagah Border, a travel ban for all Pakistani nationals to India under the SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme, and cancellation of all previously issued visas. Additionally, Pakistani military advisers at the Pakistan High Commission in New Delhi were expelled, while their Indian counterparts in Islamabad were withdrawn, and the staff strength of the Indian High Commission in Islamabad was reduced from 55 to a minimum of 30. The posts of such military advisors were deemed abolished.[31][32]

Pakistan's Foreign Ministry expressed condolences to the families of the victims,[33] and its defense minister Khawaja Asif dismissed the allegations of his country's involvement in the attack and regarded such events as revolutions.[34][35] However, in an interview with Sky News, while responding to allegations of terrorism, Asif said that Pakistan had backed terrorist activities at the direction of United States, Britain and the West going back three decades.[36][37]

Pakistan responded to the suspension of the treaty by describing it as inappropriate and lacking seriousness.[38] Pakistan also warned India of a comprehensive retaliation in response to the actions announced by the Indian government in the aftermath of the incident,[39] further stating that any action affecting water resources would be considered an act of war.[40][41] On 24 April, Pakistan suspended visas issued to Indian nationals and closed its airspace to Indian aircraft, expelled Indian diplomats and instructed Indian military advisers to depart the country no later than the 30 April.[42] However, the Kartarpur Corridor remained open for Sikh pilgrims.[43] Pakistan also cut off all trade with India.[44] Pakistan also suspended the Simla Agreement, on 24 April 2025 in retaliation.[45][46] The Attari–Wagah border ceremony was also reduced and the symbolic handshake did not take place.[47][48] Cross-border families were affected where their visas revoked.[49][50][51][52][53]

Initial standoff

A joint cordon and search operation was initiated by the Indian Army, paramilitary forces, and Jammu and Kashmir Police. A temporary lockdown was imposed in Pahalgam, and Indian Army helicopters were deployed to track down the militants, who reportedly fled to the upper reaches of the Pir Panjal range.[54][55] On 25 April, soldiers demolished the family residences of two individuals suspected of involvement in the Pahalgam attack.[26] An Indian soldier was killed and two other soldiers wounded during a gunfight with insurgents in the Basantgarh region of Udhampur.[56] Senior Lashkar-e-Taiba Commander Altaf Lalli was also killed in the gunfight.[57]

Both Pakistani and Indian air forces conducted intensive flights near the LoC.[58] An Indian Border Security Force soldier belonging to the 182nd battalion of the BSF was captured by Pakistan Rangers after he accidentally entered the Pakistani side of the Ferozepur border.[59][60][61]

Also on 24 April, the Indian XV Corps reported that it had thwarted an infiltration attempt by insurgents near Uri and killed 2 insurgents.[62]

Between 24 April and 5 May, Indian and Pakistani army engaged in skirmishes and exchanged small arms firing.[26][63][64][16][65] Reportedly, Pakistan's army initiated small arms firing across various sectors along the LoC,[66] which was described as "unprovoked" by Indian media.[67][68][69] The Pakistani army stated it shot down two Indian military quadcopter drones along the LoC in the Satwal sector and in the Manawar sector of Bhimber district.[70][71][72][73]

On 28 April, Pakistani Defense Minister Asif stated that an attack from the Indian armed forces was "imminent".[74] On 30 April, Pakistan claimed it has "credible intelligence" that India is going to launch military action within several hours.[75] On the night of 29 April, Pakistani forces opened fire on the international border along Kashmir.[76][77] On 1 May, Indian Home Minister Amit Shah said that no terrorist involved in the attack would be spared by India.[78]

On 3 May, a soldier from the Pakistan Rangers was captured by BSF after crossing the border to India.[79]

On 5 May, the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs announced an "effective civil defence in the event of a hostile attack" on 7 May across 7 states. Such drills were last conducted by India during 1971. As per reports, the drill includes operationalisation of Air Raid Warning Sirens, crash blackout measures, training of civilians on civil defence and evacuation plans.[80][81]

Release of river water

Following the suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960 on 23 April 2025, local media in Muzaffarabad, Pakistan, reported on 26 and 27 April that India had released water from the Uri Dam into the Jhelum River unannounced, resulting in flooding.[82][83] Additional reports indicated a sharp decline in water levels of the Chenab River in Sialkot, Pakistan, with satellite imagery showing significant drying of the riverbed.[84] On 4 May 2025, India had closed the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River and was planning a similar move at the Kishanganga Dam on the Neelum River.[85][86]

Missile strikes and escalation

Main article: 2025 India–Pakistan conflict

On the night of 6/7 May, India launched "Operation Sindoor", striking what it described as "terrorist infrastructure" in Pakistan.[87] The operation lasted 23 minutes and consisted of missile strikes by IAF jets. Rajnath Singh, Minister of Defence (India), said on 8 May that at least 100 militants had been killed in the strikes.[88]

According to India, the missile strikes of Operation Sindoor targeted the camps and infrastructure of militant groups Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba, and no Pakistani military facilities were targeted. According to Pakistan, the Indian strikes targeted civilian areas, including mosques, killing 31 Pakistani civilians. Following these strikes, border skirmshes and drone strikes occurred between the two countries.

On 7 May, Pakistan's army launched mortar shells on the border district of Poonch in the Hindu-majority Jammu region. Considered the worst shelling attack of the ongoing armed conflict in over 50 years.[18] It left one Indian solider and 16 civilians dead.[12] Fatalities included women and children. 43 civilians were injured from the Pakistani artillery fire. 31 schools and hundreds of homes were destroyed leaving many people displaced.[13] A Sikh gurdwara, a place of worship, was also damaged during the blitz leaving 5 worshippers and temple staff dead.[17]

On 10 May, Pakistan launched an operation codenamed "Operation Bunyan al-Marsus" targeting several Indian military bases.[89] In retaliation, India also continued Operation Sindoor, expanding its scope to target Pakistani military installations.[90] This conflict marked the first drone battle between the two nuclear-armed nations.[91]

Ceasefire

After three days of the conflict, both India and Pakistan announced that a ceasefire was agreed, effective from 5:00 pm IST/04:30 pm PKT (11:30 UTC) on 10 May, with talks set for 12 May.[92][93] Following the deadline, both countries accused each other of violating the ceasefire agreement.[94]

Reactions

Further information: 2025 Pahalgam attack § Reactions

United Nations

The United Nations urged both sides to have "maximum restraint" and to resolve the issues diplomatically.[95]

Iran

On 25 April, the Islamic Republic of Iran proposed to mediate a solution aiming at de-escalation between Pakistan and India.[96]

Russia

Russia issued a travel advisory in April 2025, warning its citizens against traveling to Pakistan following the Pahalgam attack in Jammu and Kashmir. The advisory cited increased security risks in the region.[97]

Others

The United Kingdom also issued a travel advisory warning in April 2025, mainly referring to the LoC.[97] Members of the Indian diaspora protested outside the High Commission of Pakistan in London.[98][99]

China's Foreign Minister, Wang Yi, urged for de-escalation between the two countries.[100] Bangladesh and UAE supported peace talks.[101][102]

United States

The U.S. State Department updated its travel advisory, issuing a Level 4 "Do Not Travel" warning for India's Jammu and Kashmir, citing high risks of terrorism and civil unrest.[103] Additionally, the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi confirmed it is closely monitoring the situation and called for the perpetrators to be brought to justice, reaffirming its support for India's counterterrorism efforts.[104][105] On 26 April 2025, President Donald Trump downplayed the diplomatic crisis, stating that the two nations "had that fight for 1,500 years", despite the fact that the Kashmir crisis started in 1947.[106][107] United States Secretary of State Marco Rubio stated that he is closely monitoring the situation after being advised by National Security Advisor of India Ajit Doval via phonecall after Operation Sindoor.[108]

On 10 May, a few days after Vice President JD Vance stated the conflict was "none of our business", President Trump first announced the ceasefire on social media, claiming the US had an active role in mediating the agreement.[109][110] While Pakistan acknowledged American involvement, Indian officials maintained the agreement had been reached directly between the two countries.[111]

The Indian airstrikes targeted terrorist infrastructure in Pakistan, including a Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) camp in Bahawalpur. This camp was historically linked to the 2002 abduction and murder of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl. The operation reportedly resulted in the death of Abdul Rauf Azhar, a senior JeM commander and brother of Masood Azhar, who was implicated in Pearl's beheading.[112][113][114]

India

The Government of India subsequently enacted a ban on several Pakistan-based YouTube channels for spreading provocative and communally sensitive content, as well as false narratives targeting the country, its Army, and security agencies, as well as a ban on Instagram accounts of several Pakistani celebrities.[115][116]

As of 8 May 2025, the escalation has caused significant disruptions in air travel across the region. India has closed 27 airports in its northern and western regions until 10 May, resulting in the cancellation of over 430 flights. Major Indian airlines, including Air India, IndiGo, and SpiceJet, have suspended operations to and from affected areas. International carriers such as Lufthansa, KLM, Singapore Airlines, and Thai Airways have rerouted flights to avoid Pakistani airspace, leading to longer travel times and delays on routes between Europe and Asia. Pakistan has also suspended flights from key airports, including Karachi, Lahore, and Sialkot, until further notice. The situation remains fluid, with both countries' airspaces experiencing closures and reroutings, impacting global aviation networks.[117][118]

Pakistan

In May 2025 a coalition of Pakistani actors including Adnan Siddiqui and Ghulam Mohiuddin called for peace talks, emphasising the urgent need for dialogue and understanding to foster harmony and resolve conflict.[119][120]

Nepal

On 9 May 2025, a peace group held a mass demonstration to demand peace.[121]

 

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