By Eric Vandenbroeck and co-workers

The violent crisis between India and Pakistan is exactly the kind of international emergency that would once have prompted a full-on US diplomatic drive to cool tempers and head off a wider war.

But this latest fighting over and beyond Kashmir, the disputed Muslim-majority region, may become a test of the Trump administration’s bandwidth and limited aspirations for global convening, and for the world without American leadership.

President Donald Trump on Tuesday offered a passive initial response to the fighting, set off by a terror attack on Indian tourists that New Delhi blames on Pakistan-backed militants. “It’s a shame,” Trump said. “I just hope it ends quickly.” On Wednesday, he went a little further, offering his good offices without showing much enthusiasm for becoming involved. “I get along with both, I know both very well, and I want to see them work it out." If I can do anything to help, I will be there.”

Secretary of State Marco Rubio has been in touch with top officials from India and Pakistan in recent weeks, and since India’s strikes deep inside Pakistani territory on Tuesday, according to the State Department. But there’s no indication so far of a broadening US effort to coordinate international mediation or crisis management.

This may be partly because the time is not yet ripe for diplomacy, since everybody expects several steps up an escalatory ladder by both sides. While Pakistan’s claim to have shot down five Indian planes may suggest its honor is satisfied, its leaders have pledged to hit back at Indian military facilities.

The US response will be closely watched in the coming days because the second Trump administration has thrown away the US foreign policy playbook, leaving a vacuum where US multinational leadership once operated.

Trump has little interest in building international coalitions and activating US alliances in pursuit of common goals. He’s keener to flex US economic and military power to manipulate smaller nations to America’s advantage and sees little difference between allies and adversaries in his narrow win-lose worldview. In any case, it would be rather incongruous to see a president who has expansionist designs on Greenland and Canada mediating one of the world’s most nettlesome territorial disputes.

Successful US global peace efforts in the past, including President Jimmy Carter’s mentoring of peace accords between Israel and Egypt and President Bill Clinton’s ending of the war in the former Yugoslavia, required months and years of slow confidence-building and intense preparatory diplomacy at lower levels. There’s been no sign in the last three months that Trump is motivated to mount a similar in-depth strategy in any existing conflicts, let alone a new one in South Asia.

Tim Willasey-Wilsey of the Royal United Services Institute in London told CNN’s Isa Soares that the US had played a leading role in cooling crises over Kashmir, including in 2000, 2008, and 2019, but may not be so inclined anymore. “We now have a president in the White House who says he doesn’t want to be the policeman of the world,” said Willasey-Wilsey, a former British diplomat. “And also he’s probably more sympathetic to (Indian) Prime Minister (Narendra) Modi than he is to the Pakistanis.”

India-Pakistan tensions have caused widespread flight disruptions and confusion for travelers, especially those coming in and out of Pakistan, with the country’s airspace opening and closing at different times over the past day.

Pakistan had first closed its airspace after India’s missile strikes in the early hours of Wednesday morning, before eventually reopening it. But as of Thursday afternoon, disruptions remain, with the national flag carrier saying several flight routes had been suspended.

“The temporary closure of routes is done for the safety of domestic airlines’ assets and passengers,” Pakistan International Airlines said. “Passengers are requested to understand the sensitivity of the matter and cooperate with the airline staff.”

On Wednesday, Indian airlines also reporting impacted flights, and many international airlines said they were avoiding flying over Pakistan.

As of Thursday, the flight tracking website FlightRadar24 showed some passenger planes had resumed flying over Pakistan – but most are still avoiding the India-Pakistan border or circling down past their coast.

Kashmir has been a flashpoint in India-Pakistan relations since both gained independence from Britain in 1947. The two nations to emerge from the bloody partition of British India — Muslim-majority Pakistan and Hindu-majority India — both claim Kashmir in full, and months after becoming independent, fought their first of three wars over the territory.

For Example;

1947: India and Pakistan gained independence from Great Britain. The ruler of Kashmir initially decides to remain independent, choosing not to become a part of either Pakistan or India. After militants from Pakistan invade, he signs a letter acceding to India. Pakistan does not recognize the letter as a legal document, sparking a war. In 1949, the two countries agreed to withdraw all troops behind a mutually agreed ceasefire line, later known as the Line of Control.

1965: India and Pakistan go to war again over Kashmir. The clash did not resolve the dispute over the territory.

1971: This was the biggest war fought between the two countries, which led to a humiliating loss for Pakistan and the creation of the state of Bangladesh from the region formerly known as East Pakistan.

1999: India and Pakistan fight a limited border conflict in Kashmir, after armed invaders from Pakistan cross the Line of Control in the town of Kargil.

Given the situation so far, my own opinion is that it will not lead to a wider war because Pakistan knows it would lose this war. Unless that is the actual intention of India, where we don't know what is discussed behind closed doors.

My own opinion expressed in the first sentence is that Lahore and Sialkot airports will not be available till 12 noon on Thursday. This seems to indicate that no wider war is expected, otherwise, they would not say it will only be available only till 12 noon on Thursday.

An explosion has been reported in the Pakistani city of Lahore in Punjab province, with local police officials saying an Indian drone was shot down near Walton Road.

Instagram’s parent company, Meta, has blocked Indian users from accessing a prominent Muslim news page on the social media site, as hostilities escalate between India and Pakistan.

A senior unnamed Pakistani security source has said Pakistan’s military downed five Indian planes earlier this week in what he described as one of the “largest and longest” aviation “dog fight[s]” in recent history.

Flight operations at Pakistan’s Karachi, Lahore, and Sialkot airports have been temporarily suspended due to ongoing tensions.

The two militant groups India said it targeted in its Wednesday strikes on Pakistan are declared as terror groups by many countries and have been accused of launching several massive and deadly attacks on neighboring India. They are Lashkar-e-Taiba, (LeT), a group which was already involved in the Mumbai attack, two extremist groups based in Pakistan.

India said it launched the strikes in response to a massacre of tourists in India-administered Kashmir that it blamed on Pakistan. Pakistan has denied any involvement and said it has long battled terror groups.

Jaish-e-Mohammed, which translates to the Army of the Prophet Mohammed, is a Pakistan-based extremist group that operates across Kashmir and seeks to unite the Indian-administered area of the disputed state with Pakistan. The US and the UN Security Council listed JeM as a terrorist organization in 2001. JeM is “based in Peshawar and Muzaffarabad, Pakistan,” the UN Security Council noted. Muzaffarabad was one of the locations hit by India’s strikes.

Its leader, Masood Azhar, founded the group after he was released from prison in India in 1999 in exchange for 155 hostages held on an Indian Airlines flight that had been hijacked to Kandahar, Afghanistan, according to the United Nations Security Council.

He formed JeM with support from Osama bin Laden, the Taliban, and several other extremist organizations.

The above-mentioned Lashkar-e-Taiba, which translates to Army of the Pure, is also a Pakistan-based organization with the same goal of uniting Indian-administered Kashmir with Pakistan.

The main dam of the Neelum-Jhelum Hydropower Project is seen in Nauseri, Pakistan, near Muzaffarabad, the capital of Pakistan-administered Kashmir.

The UN Security Council says it is linked to Al-Qaeda and “conducted numerous terrorist operations against military and civilian targets since 1993, including the November 2008 attacks in Mumbai, India, which killed approximately 164 persons and injured hundreds more.”

Lashkar’s leader Hafiz Saeed has been based in Pakistan for years and has been in and out of Pakistani custody.

India said it launched the strikes in response to a massacre of tourists in India-administered Kashmir that it blamed on Pakistan. Pakistan has denied any involvement and said it has long battled terror groups.

 

The Indian Air Force Fighter Jets

The Indian embassy in Beijing has pushed back on reports that Pakistan shot down Indian Air Force fighter jets, seemingly the first response by Indian officials to Islamabad’s claims.

The embassy account also highlighted what it said were misleading photos circulating online that purportedly showed the crashed jets, claiming they were old photos from unrelated incidents in 2021 and 2024.

It’s unclear whether the embassy is denying Pakistan’s claims altogether.

The embassy’s statement is in stark contrast to the silence from the rest of India’s government and military on the matter.

 

Airports closed

More than 20 airports, most of them in northern India, have been shut until 10 May, according to media reports and travel advisories from airlines. There has been no official confirmation of this from India's civil aviation ministry or the airports regulators.

On Wednesday, major flight operators in India issued advisories for civilians affected by the closure of several airports after India launched air strikes on Pakistan. More than 400 flights were cancelled in India yesterday, and visuals showed passengers being sent back from many airports.

At least 43 deaths have been reported so far, with Islamabad saying 31 civilians were killed by the Indian strikes and firing along the border, and New Delhi adding at least 12 dead from Pakistani shelling.

“We make this pledge, that we will avenge each drop of the blood of these martyrs,” Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif said in an address to the nation late on May 7.

India’s army said it destroyed nine “terrorist camps” in Pakistan in the early hours of May 7, two weeks after New Delhi blamed Islamabad for backing an attack on tourists in the Indian-administered side of disputed Kashmir, a charge Pakistan denies.

Pakistan military spokesman Ahmed Sharif Chaudhry said five Indian jets had been downed across the border.

An Indian senior security source, who asked not to be named, said three of its fighter jets had crashed on home territory.

 

The Problem for Average People That Live in the Area

Dozens of people in Poonch district in Indian-administered Kashmir have fled their homes to escape intense cross-border shelling along the Line of Control - the de-facto border between India and Pakistan.

India says that over the past 14 days, since the deadly attack on tourists in Pahalgam, Pakistan has repeatedly violated a ceasefire agreement, targeting Indian positions along the border. Islamabad has not commented on this.

Locals said that the shelling intensified after Delhi's air strikes early on Wednesday morning, Mai 7, against Pakistan.

Several locals said they and their families left their homes after a shell landed nearby.

 

Turkey's Reaction

Pakistan’s Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif said on Thursday, May 8, he spoke with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, whom he called a “dear brother.”

Sharif thanked Erdogan for showing “solidarity and support with Pakistan at this critical time,” he wrote on X.

Sharif also briefed Erdogan on the “valiant efforts” of Pakistan’s military.

“We will protect our sovereignty and territorial integrity at all costs. Pakistan is grateful for Turkish efforts to promote de-escalation and maintain peace in South Asia.”

Pakistan and Turkey are close partners. On Wednesday, the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs warned India’s missile strikes on Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir “raises the risk of an all-out war.”

“We condemn such provocative steps as well as attacks targeting civilians and civilian infrastructure,” it said, and echoed Pakistan’s calls for an investigation into the April 22 militant attack in India-administered Kashmir. Delhi has blamed its neighbor, which Pakistan denies.

Indian opposition parties have given their full support to the government

 

UN General Assembly president “deeply” concerned about India-Pakistan escalation

Pakistan claimed it downed 12 Indian loitering munition drones across the country overnight Wednesday into Thursday, in what it called a “serious provocation” from New Delhi that wounded four of soldiers and killed a civilian.

“India has undertaken yet another act of blatant military aggression against Pakistan,” Pakistan Army spokesman Lt. Gen. Ahmed Sharif Chaudhry said at a press conference Thursday.

CNN cannot independently verify the claims and has reached out to the Indian Air Force and Ministry of Defense for comment.

Chaudhry said Pakistan security forces “have so far neutralized 12 Harop drones at various locations”. Harop drones are a long-range loitering munition, effectively a flying bomb guided by an operator, that is made by Israel Aerospace Industries, an Israeli aerospace manufacturer.

The drones were downed across Pakistan, from Rawalpindi in the north, home to the military’s main headquarters, to a site near the port megacity of Karachi in the south, Chaudhry said.

One of the 12 drones was able to “partially” engage its target near Lahore, a city of around 13 million people near the border with India, wounding four army personnel, Chaudhry added.

In southeast Sindh province, one civilian was killed and another injured due to the drone’s “activity,” he added. Chaudhry said that Pakistan's air forces were at a “high state of alert and vigilance.”

The president of the United Nations General Assembly, Philemon Yang, said Wednesday he was “deeply concerned” about escalating tensions between India and Pakistan.

“I call for both sides to exercise maximum restraint and for an immediate de-escalation. I reiterate my condemnation of all terrorist attacks and attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure,” Yang said, adding that the conflict should be resolved with “dialogue and diplomatic solutions.”

A UN team arrived on Wednesday at a site in Pakistan-administered Kashmir that Islamabad says was hit by India’s missile strikes, a CNN stringer said.

The CNN stringer reported seeing two white UN vehicles in the city of Muzaffarabad, where Pakistan said a mosque was struck early Wednesday.

India claimed that no military, civilian, or economic sites were targeted in its strikes. Pakistan, however, said Wednesday’s strikes had harmed civilians and targeted mosques.

 

Indian Drones Destroyed

Pakistan army spokesperson Lt Gen Ahmed Sharif Chaudhry has said that the country destroyed 12 drones sent by India to different cities last night.

India has not commented on these claims yet. The BBC has contacted the Indian army for a response.

Lt Gen Chaudhry said the drones were destroyed in Lahore, Gujranwala, Chakwal, Attock, Rawalpindi, Bahawalpur, Mianwali, and Karachi.

One civilian was killed and another injured in Sindh province after a drone fell on them, he said.

He added that a military installation was targeted in Lahore, injuring four army personnel and destroying some infrastructure.

 

According to India TV outlets right now:

Saudi Arabia's junior Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir is currently on a visit to Delhi that wasn't publicly announced earlier.

His visit on Thursday comes as tensions have escalated between Delhi and Islamabad. India launched air strikes in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir on Wednesday, saying it targeted nine sites. Pakistan says only six locations were targeted and that it shot down five Indian planes. India has not commented on the claims of the plane being downed.

India's Foreign Minister S Jaishankar said he had a "good meeting" with the Saudi minister.

"Shared India's perspectives on firmly countering terrorism," he said in a post on X.

Iran's Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi is also in India on a scheduled trip.

 

A Short Recap

We covered the situation with an extensive article on April 24, describing the larger context of the April 24 Pahalgam Incident.                                                                                            

Today, defense minister speaks: Pakistan’s defense minister Khawaja Asif has warned that India’s strikes marked an “invitation to expand the conflict” between the neighbors, but cautioned that Islamabad is “trying to avoid” a full-fledged war. Pakistan will only hit military targets in India, not civilian ones, he said.

India’s message: India is urging other countries, including the US, to tell Pakistan to stop supporting terrorism, an official government source said, an accusation Pakistan denies. Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who has not spoken publicly since the strikes, chaired a high-level meeting with senior ministers.

Casualties: The death toll in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir has risen to 31, with 57 wounded, a military official said. And overnight shelling by the Pakistani military on the Indian side of the Line of Control in Kashmir killed 12 civilians and wounded 57, an Indian defense source told CNN. India and Pakistan have had near-daily exchanges of fire across their disputed border since the April massacre.

Downed jets: Prime Minister Sharif lauded his country’s air force following a claim by military sources that it shot down five Indian fighter jets. Indian officials are yet to respond to the claim. But a high-ranking French intelligence official told CNN that Pakistan downed one Rafale fighter jet operated by the Indian Air Force, in what would mark the first time that one of the sophisticated French-made warplanes has been lost in combat.

 

Pakistan Newspapers Today

Pakistan's prominent newspapers on Thursday have carried large headlines highlighting the military and civilian government’s resolve to give a “befitting” reply to India for the air strikes on Wednesday.

The Nation's headline was “Armed Forces authorised to avenge martyrs' blood at a time, place of their own choosing”.

Pakistan Observer, which is seen as pro-military, highlighted the army's statement, external: “31 civilians martyred, 57 injured in Indian attacks: ISPR”. ISPR or Inter-Services Public Relations is the media wing of the Pakistan military.

The most widely-read English-language daily Dawn's headline read: “India launches devious attack in dead of night, external; Pakistan delivers befitting reply”.

The 

Daily Times ran a headline that read: “Pakistan Zindabad, external [Long Live Pakistan] - Military given go-ahead to avenge loss of lives”.

At least two newspapers highlighted Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif's speech.

Pakistan Today daily said, external: “India’s heinous provocation not to go unanswered, vows PM Shehbaz” and The Express Tribune's headline said “India to pay heavy price: PM, external”.

 

Indian Newspapers Today:

Indian newspapers on Thursday hailed Delhi's air strikes, the official name is Operation Sindoor, in response to the 22 April attack on tourists in Pahalgam.

"Sindoor serves justice, external", read a headline in the popular English-language newspaper Hindustan Times.

All Indian newspapers have commended the air strikes

"Valour: Army avenges Pahalgam terror attack, external" said a strapline in the Hindi daily Hindustan.

The action was called an "attack on terror, external" by prominent Hindi newspaper Navbharat Times.

"Payback for Pahalgam, external", read the headline in India's largest-selling English-language newspaper The Times of India. India's action was "a cold, calculated, carefully calibrated retribution after keeping Pakistan on edge for 15 days, external", the accompanying report said.

Meanwhile, the financial newspaper The Economic Times wrote: "India avenges the spilt blood with precision military strikes to wipe out terror infrastructure in Pakistan, external".

The Indian papers didn't give much space to Pakistan's claims - not confirmed by India - that it shot down five Indian aircraft.

 

REFERENCES:

Following the Pahalgam terrorist attack on 22 April 2025, a crisis emerged between India and Pakistan,(4) sparked by the killing of 25 Indian tourists by the militants in Kashmir. The Resistance Front (TRF) initially claimed responsibility for the attack.(10+ 11)Armed skirmishes between India and Pakistan were reported along the Line of Control (LoC) beginning on 24 April. On 7 May 2025, India launched missile strikes in Pakistan, leading to a military conflict between the two countries. On 7 May 2025 Pakistan's Army responded by launching a blitz on Poonch, Jammu killing 16 civilians and hundreds of homes.(12 + 13) A ceasefire was announced on 10 May 2025 following an agreement between India and Pakistan.(14)

The crisis emerged between the two countries after the Pahalgam terrorist attack, as India accused Pakistan of sponsoring the militants, though Pakistan denied its involvement. India initiated with the expulsion of Pakistani diplomats, recalling its diplomatic staff, suspending visa services, and suspending the Indus Waters Treaty,(1). Pakistan suggested an international inquiry into the terrorist attack, which India rejected.(15) Pakistan initially responded with trade restrictions, closure of airspace and border crossings, and suspension of the Shimla Agreement.(4) Between 24 April and 6 May, Pakistan and India engaged in skirmishes including cross-border firing and intermittent artillery shelling.(16)

On 7 May 2025, India launched missile strikes on Pakistan, codenamed Operation Sindoor. According to India, the missile strikes targeted the militant groups Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba. According to Pakistan, the Indian strikes targeted civilian areas, including mosques, killing 31 Pakistani civilians. In return, Pakistan said they had downed a number of Indian jets and damaged Indian infrastructure. On 7 May 2025, Pakistan launched a mortar attack on Jammu and Kashmir killing one Indian solider, 16 civilians including a Sikh temple Ragi,(17) 12 year old twins, and leaving 43 wounded.(12) It was believed to be the heaviest shelling attack since the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971,(18) and destroyed 31 schools, hundreds of homes, and a Sikh temple.(13) The military hostilities continued until a ceasefire was reached on 10 May 2025.(19)

Background

An Islamist armed insurgency broke out in Jammu and Kashmir in the late 1980s, which resulted in the exodus of Kashmiri Hindus from the region and the insurgency has been ongoing since.(20)

On 22 April 2025, a terrorist(21)(22)(23) attack at Baisaran Valley near Pahalgam in the Anantnag district of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir killed at least 26 tourists and injured more than 20 others.(24)(25) According to eyewitness testimonies provided to Indian media outlets, assailants reportedly questioned potential victims about their religious identity before opening fire, specifically targeting non-Muslims.[26]

The attack became among the deadliest attacks against Indian civilians in the region since 2000. The Resistance Front (TRF), believed to be an offshoot of the Pakistan-based, UN-designated terrorist group Lashkar-e-Taiba,[11][27][10] initially claimed responsibility. They stated that the attack was in opposition to Indian government policy allowing Indian citizens to live and work in Kashmir, that resulted in non-local settlement in the region.[28][27] Four days later, they retracted their claim.[29]

Diplomatic crisis

On the night of 23 April 2025, the Indian foreign secretary Vikram Misri held a special press briefing after a meeting with the CCS. He announced India's decision to temporarily suspend the Indus Waters Treaty with Pakistan with immediate effect until Pakistan ceases its support for cross-border terrorism.[30] He further announced the closure of the integrated check post at Attari–Wagah Border, a travel ban for all Pakistani nationals to India under the SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme, and cancellation of all previously issued visas. Additionally, Pakistani military advisers at the Pakistan High Commission in New Delhi were expelled, while their Indian counterparts in Islamabad were withdrawn, and the staff strength of the Indian High Commission in Islamabad was reduced from 55 to a minimum of 30. The posts of such military advisors were deemed abolished.[31][32]

Pakistan's Foreign Ministry expressed condolences to the families of the victims,[33] and its defense minister Khawaja Asif dismissed the allegations of his country's involvement in the attack and regarded such events as revolutions.[34][35] However, in an interview with Sky News, while responding to allegations of terrorism, Asif said that Pakistan had backed terrorist activities at the direction of United States, Britain and the West going back three decades.[36][37]

Pakistan responded to the suspension of the treaty by describing it as inappropriate and lacking seriousness.[38] Pakistan also warned India of a comprehensive retaliation in response to the actions announced by the Indian government in the aftermath of the incident,[39] further stating that any action affecting water resources would be considered an act of war.[40][41] On 24 April, Pakistan suspended visas issued to Indian nationals and closed its airspace to Indian aircraft, expelled Indian diplomats and instructed Indian military advisers to depart the country no later than the 30 April.[42] However, the Kartarpur Corridor remained open for Sikh pilgrims.[43] Pakistan also cut off all trade with India.[44] Pakistan also suspended the Simla Agreement, on 24 April 2025 in retaliation.[45][46] The Attari–Wagah border ceremony was also reduced and the symbolic handshake did not take place.[47][48] Cross-border families were affected where their visas revoked.[49][50][51][52][53]

Initial standoff

A joint cordon and search operation was initiated by the Indian Army, paramilitary forces, and Jammu and Kashmir Police. A temporary lockdown was imposed in Pahalgam, and Indian Army helicopters were deployed to track down the militants, who reportedly fled to the upper reaches of the Pir Panjal range.[54][55] On 25 April, soldiers demolished the family residences of two individuals suspected of involvement in the Pahalgam attack.[26] An Indian soldier was killed and two other soldiers wounded during a gunfight with insurgents in the Basantgarh region of Udhampur.[56] Senior Lashkar-e-Taiba Commander Altaf Lalli was also killed in the gunfight.[57]

Both Pakistani and Indian air forces conducted intensive flights near the LoC.[58] An Indian Border Security Force soldier belonging to the 182nd battalion of the BSF was captured by Pakistan Rangers after he accidentally entered the Pakistani side of the Ferozepur border.[59][60][61]

Also on 24 April, the Indian XV Corps reported that it had thwarted an infiltration attempt by insurgents near Uri and killed 2 insurgents.[62]

Between 24 April and 5 May, Indian and Pakistani army engaged in skirmishes and exchanged small arms firing.[26][63][64][16][65] Reportedly, Pakistan's army initiated small arms firing across various sectors along the LoC,[66] which was described as "unprovoked" by Indian media.[67][68][69] The Pakistani army stated it shot down two Indian military quadcopter drones along the LoC in the Satwal sector and in the Manawar sector of Bhimber district.[70][71][72][73]

On 28 April, Pakistani Defense Minister Asif stated that an attack from the Indian armed forces was "imminent".[74] On 30 April, Pakistan claimed it has "credible intelligence" that India is going to launch military action within several hours.[75] On the night of 29 April, Pakistani forces opened fire on the international border along Kashmir.[76][77] On 1 May, Indian Home Minister Amit Shah said that no terrorist involved in the attack would be spared by India.[78]

On 3 May, a soldier from the Pakistan Rangers was captured by BSF after crossing the border to India.[79]

On 5 May, the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs announced an "effective civil defence in the event of a hostile attack" on 7 May across 7 states. Such drills were last conducted by India during 1971. As per reports, the drill includes operationalisation of Air Raid Warning Sirens, crash blackout measures, training of civilians on civil defence and evacuation plans.[80][81]

Release of river water

Following the suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960 on 23 April 2025, local media in Muzaffarabad, Pakistan, reported on 26 and 27 April that India had released water from the Uri Dam into the Jhelum River unannounced, resulting in flooding.[82][83] Additional reports indicated a sharp decline in water levels of the Chenab River in Sialkot, Pakistan, with satellite imagery showing significant drying of the riverbed.[84] On 4 May 2025, India had closed the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River and was planning a similar move at the Kishanganga Dam on the Neelum River.[85][86]

Missile strikes and escalation

Main article: 2025 India–Pakistan conflict

On the night of 6/7 May, India launched "Operation Sindoor", striking what it described as "terrorist infrastructure" in Pakistan.[87] The operation lasted 23 minutes and consisted of missile strikes by IAF jets. Rajnath Singh, Minister of Defence (India), said on 8 May that at least 100 militants had been killed in the strikes.[88]

According to India, the missile strikes of Operation Sindoor targeted the camps and infrastructure of militant groups Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba, and no Pakistani military facilities were targeted. According to Pakistan, the Indian strikes targeted civilian areas, including mosques, killing 31 Pakistani civilians. Following these strikes, border skirmshes and drone strikes occurred between the two countries.

On 7 May, Pakistan's army launched mortar shells on the border district of Poonch in the Hindu-majority Jammu region. Considered the worst shelling attack of the ongoing armed conflict in over 50 years.[18] It left one Indian solider and 16 civilians dead.[12] Fatalities included women and children. 43 civilians were injured from the Pakistani artillery fire. 31 schools and hundreds of homes were destroyed leaving many people displaced.[13] A Sikh gurdwara, a place of worship, was also damaged during the blitz leaving 5 worshippers and temple staff dead.[17]

On 10 May, Pakistan launched an operation codenamed "Operation Bunyan al-Marsus" targeting several Indian military bases.[89] In retaliation, India also continued Operation Sindoor, expanding its scope to target Pakistani military installations.[90] This conflict marked the first drone battle between the two nuclear-armed nations.[91]

Ceasefire

After three days of the conflict, both India and Pakistan announced that a ceasefire was agreed, effective from 5:00 pm IST/04:30 pm PKT (11:30 UTC) on 10 May, with talks set for 12 May.[92][93] Following the deadline, both countries accused each other of violating the ceasefire agreement.[94]

Reactions

Further information: 2025 Pahalgam attack § Reactions

United Nations

The United Nations urged both sides to have "maximum restraint" and to resolve the issues diplomatically.[95]

Iran

On 25 April, the Islamic Republic of Iran proposed to mediate a solution aiming at de-escalation between Pakistan and India.[96]

Russia

Russia issued a travel advisory in April 2025, warning its citizens against traveling to Pakistan following the Pahalgam attack in Jammu and Kashmir. The advisory cited increased security risks in the region.[97]

Others

The United Kingdom also issued a travel advisory warning in April 2025, mainly referring to the LoC.[97] Members of the Indian diaspora protested outside the High Commission of Pakistan in London.[98][99]

China's Foreign Minister, Wang Yi, urged for de-escalation between the two countries.[100] Bangladesh and UAE supported peace talks.[101][102]

United States

The U.S. State Department updated its travel advisory, issuing a Level 4 "Do Not Travel" warning for India's Jammu and Kashmir, citing high risks of terrorism and civil unrest.[103] Additionally, the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi confirmed it is closely monitoring the situation and called for the perpetrators to be brought to justice, reaffirming its support for India's counterterrorism efforts.[104][105] On 26 April 2025, President Donald Trump downplayed the diplomatic crisis, stating that the two nations "had that fight for 1,500 years", despite the fact that the Kashmir crisis started in 1947.[106][107] United States Secretary of State Marco Rubio stated that he is closely monitoring the situation after being advised by National Security Advisor of India Ajit Doval via phonecall after Operation Sindoor.[108]

On 10 May, a few days after Vice President JD Vance stated the conflict was "none of our business", President Trump first announced the ceasefire on social media, claiming the US had an active role in mediating the agreement.[109][110] While Pakistan acknowledged American involvement, Indian officials maintained the agreement had been reached directly between the two countries.[111]

The Indian airstrikes targeted terrorist infrastructure in Pakistan, including a Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) camp in Bahawalpur. This camp was historically linked to the 2002 abduction and murder of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl. The operation reportedly resulted in the death of Abdul Rauf Azhar, a senior JeM commander and brother of Masood Azhar, who was implicated in Pearl's beheading.[112][113][114]

India

The Government of India subsequently enacted a ban on several Pakistan-based YouTube channels for spreading provocative and communally sensitive content, as well as false narratives targeting the country, its Army, and security agencies, as well as a ban on Instagram accounts of several Pakistani celebrities.[115][116]

As of 8 May 2025, the escalation has caused significant disruptions in air travel across the region. India has closed 27 airports in its northern and western regions until 10 May, resulting in the cancellation of over 430 flights. Major Indian airlines, including Air India, IndiGo, and SpiceJet, have suspended operations to and from affected areas. International carriers such as Lufthansa, KLM, Singapore Airlines, and Thai Airways have rerouted flights to avoid Pakistani airspace, leading to longer travel times and delays on routes between Europe and Asia. Pakistan has also suspended flights from key airports, including Karachi, Lahore, and Sialkot, until further notice. The situation remains fluid, with both countries' airspaces experiencing closures and reroutings, impacting global aviation networks.[117][118]

Pakistan

In May 2025 a coalition of Pakistani actors including Adnan Siddiqui and Ghulam Mohiuddin called for peace talks, emphasising the urgent need for dialogue and understanding to foster harmony and resolve conflict.[119][120]

Nepal

On 9 May 2025, a peace group held a mass demonstration to demand peace.[121]

 

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3. "Pakistan closes air space for Indian airlines, warns against water treaty violation as ties plummet". Reuters. Asif Shahzad, Ariba Shahid and Fayaz Bukhari. Archived from the original on 25 April 2025. Retrieved 24 April 2025.

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8. "Pakistan Rangers detain Indian soldier amid rising Kashmir tensions". Caliber.Az. 25 April 2025. Retrieved 26 April 2025.

9. Jump up to:a b "Индија го нападна Пакистан, двете страни велат дека се убиени цивили" (in Macedonian). 7 May 2025.

10.Jump up to:a b "What is The Resistance Front, the militant group linked to Pahalgam attack?". Reuters. Shilpa Jamkhandikar. Archived from the original on 23 April 2025. Retrieved 24 April 2025.

11. Jump up to:a b "LASHKAR-E-TAYYIBA". un.org. Archived from the original on 6 November 2024. Retrieved 23 August 2010.

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13. Jump up to:a b c Wani, Fayaz (24 May 2025). "31 schools damaged in Pak shelling in Poonch, Rajouri". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 25 May 2025.

14. Cleary, Olivia-Anne (10 May 2025). "India and Pakistan Agree to Full, Immediate Ceasefire: Trump". TIME. Retrieved 10 May 2025.

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16. Jump up to:a b "Pakistan violates ceasefire along LoC for 12th day, Army responds in 'proportionate' manner". The Times of India. 6 May 2025. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 6 May 2025.

17. Jump up to:a b "Pakistan Targets Indian Civilians: Shelling Damages Sacred Poonch Gurdwara, Kills Sikh Worshippers | The Australia Today". 8 May 2025. Retrieved 25 May 2025.

19. Jump up to:a b Wani, Fayaz (7 May 2025). "J&K's Poonch witnesses heaviest shelling after 1971 War; CM asks officials to prepare evacuation plan". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 25 May 2025.

20. "Fake news spreading amid India-Pakistan hostilities". DW. 10 May 2025. Retrieved 11 May 2025.

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24. "No: 89, 22 April 2025, Regarding the Terrorist Attack in Jammu and Kashmir". mfa.gov.tr. Retrieved 22 April 2025.

25, "Terrorist Attacks in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir on 22 April 2025". mfa.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 24 April 2025. Retrieved 23 April 2025.

26. "US-based techie, IAF official among 26 killed in attack. Who were the victims?". India Today. 23 April 2025.

27. ""Said he was a Christian, then they shot him": Family of Sunil Nathaniel recounts Pahalgam terror horror during last rites". The Economic Times. 24 April 2025. Archived from the original on 24 April 2025. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

28. Jump up to:a b c Hadid, Diaa (25 April 2025). "After deadly Kashmir attack, India reports exchange of fire with Pakistani soldiers". NPR. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

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30. Sharma, Yashraj (23 April 2025). "What is The Resistance Front, the group claiming the deadly Kashmir attack?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 25 April 2025. Retrieved 30 April 2025. opposed the granting of residency permits to "outsiders", who critics say could help India change the demography of the disputed region

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32. "Indus Waters Treaty paused, no entry to Pakistanis: India responds to J&K attack". India Today. 23 April 2025. Archived from the original on 24 April 2025. Retrieved 23 April 2025.

33. "Kashmir attack: India downgrades ties with Pakistan". Deutsche Welle. 24 April 2025. Retrieved 24 April 2025.

34. "India closes main border crossing with Pakistan after Kashmir attack". BBC News. 24 April 2025. Retrieved 24 April 2025.

35. "Afghan Taliban Condemns Pahalgam Terror Attack, Says It Undermines Regional Security". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 23 April 2025. Retrieved 24 April 2025.

36. "Pakistans 1st reaction To Pahalgam terror attack, says nothing to do with It". The Tribune. 23 April 2025. Retrieved 23 April 2025.

37. "Pahalgam massacre: In first reaction, Pakistan defends terrorism in Kashmir, says 'locals acting against govt". Firstpost. 23 April 2025. Retrieved 23 April 2025.

38. "Pakistan-West Ties: Pak Defence Minister Admits to Backing Terror for 3 Decades". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 25 April 2025. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

39. "Been doing US's dirty work...: On live TV, Pak minister's big admission on terror". India Today. 25 April 2025. Archived from the original on 25 April 2025. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

40. "Pakistan Ministers call India's suspension of Indus Waters Treaty 'cowardly', 'immature' & 'inappropriate'". The Economic Times. 24 April 2025. Archived from the original on 24 April 2025. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

41. "Pakistan to respond to India's actions comprehensively: Dar". Samaa. 24 April 2025. Retrieved 24 April 2025.

42. "India will pursue Kashmir attackers to 'the ends of the earth', says PM Modi". BBC News. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

43. Hassan, Aakash; Beaumont, Peter; MacRae, Penelope (24 April 2025). "India and Pakistan closer to conflict over Kashmir attack as tit-for-tat moves mount". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

45. "Pakistan suspends visas for Indians after deadly Kashmir attack on tourists". BBC. 24 April 2025. Archived from the original on 24 April 2025. Retrieved 24 April 2025.

46. "Kartarpur Corridor open for visiting gurdwara in Pakistan despite freeze in ties". 24 April 2025. Archived from the original on 25 April 2025. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

47. "Pakistan suspends trade and closes border with India over Kashmir tensions". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 25 April 2025. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

48. "Pakistan suspends 1972 Simla Agreement, shuts airspace to Indian airlines". The Economic Times. 24 April 2025. ISSN 0013-0389. Archived from the original on 24 April 2025. Retrieved 24 April 2025.

49. "Pakistan shuts Wagah border, suspends Simla Accord, expels Indians". Samaa. 24 April 2025. Archived from the original on 24 April 2025. Retrieved 24 April 2025.

40. "No handshake, gate opening at Attari border during beating retreat ceremony". India Today. 25 April 2025. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

41 "Pahalgam terror attack: BSF scales down Beating Retreat ceremony; handshake with Pak. soldiers suspended". The Hindu. 24 April 2025. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

42. "'We shouldn't have come': The families stranded at the Indian border". ABC News. 30 April 2025. Retrieved 1 May 2025.

44. Asnani, Rajesh (28 April 2025). "Cross-border families crumble as tensions rise". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 29 April 2025. Retrieved 1 May 2025.

45. Mehmood, Asif (27 April 2025). "Cross-border couples face uncertain futures". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 1 May 2025.

46. Raj, Suhasini; Mashal, Mujib; K.B, Pragati; Loke, Atul (28 April 2025). "As India and Pakistan Cancel Visas, Parents and Children Are Separated". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 April 2025. Retrieved 1 May 2025.

47. "Pahalgam attack: Families separated at India-Pakistan border". BBC. 30 April 2025. Archived from the original on 30 April 2025. Retrieved 1 May 2025.

48. Pahalgam Terror Attack: Army, CRPF, J&K Cops Cordon Area, Search Operations On. India Today. 23 April 2025. Retrieved 23 April 2025.

49. "Pahalgam terror attack LIVE: PM Modi to return to India cutting short Saudi Arabia visit; Navy Officer among 26 killed". The Hindu. 22 April 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 22 April 2025.

50. Sandhu, Parwinder (24 April 2025). "Who was Havildar Jhantu Ali Shaikh martyred in Udhampur ops?". The Statesman. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

51. "Top LeT commander Altaf Lalli killed in Bandipor". The Hindu. PTI. 26 April 2025. Retrieved 26 April 2025.

52. Chougule, Pragati (23 April 2025). "Pakistan Air Force Activity Near LoC Sparks Alarm: Is a Major Conflict Brewing?". The Bridge Chronicle. Archived from the original on 23 April 2025. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

53. "BSF soldier arrested by Pakistan Rangers". The News. 24 April 2025.

54. "BSF jawan in Pakistan custody after accidental border crossing: Sources". India Today. 24 April 2025. Archived from the original on 24 April 2025. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

55. "Indian BSF soldier arrested on Pakistani soil". GEO TV. Archived from the original on 25 April 2025. Retrieved 24 April 2025.

56. "Day after Pahalgam attack, 2 militants killed during infiltration attempt in Uri". The Indian Express. 24 April 2025. Retrieved 4 May 2025.

57. "Border Tensions Update: Indian Army Responds to Pakistan Firing at LoC". Deccan Herald. PTI. 25 April 2025. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

58. "India, Pakistan trade gunfire as tensions rise over deadly Kashmir attack". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 25 April 2025. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

59. "Pak troops resorts to unprovoked firing along LoC in 8 sectors across J-K, Indian Army retaliates". The Hindu. 6 May 2025. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 6 May 2025.

60. Hassan, Aakash; Beaumont, Peter; McRae, Penelope (25 April 2025). "Pakistan and India exchange fire as UN calls for 'maximum restraint'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 April 2025.

61. "Pahalgam Terror Attack Live Updates: Indian Army retaliates to 'unprovoked' firing by Pakistan along LoC". The Times of India. 26 April 2025. Retrieved 26 April 2025.

62. "Pakistan violates LoC ceasefire in Kashmir, Army retaliates". India Today. 26 April 2025. Archived from the original on 26 April 2025. Retrieved 26 April 2025.

63 "Pakistan Violates Ceasefire Along LoC For 7th Consecutive Night". NDTV. Retrieved 1 May 2025.

64. "India-Pakistan tensions continue to simmer across Kashmir border". Al Jazeera English. Archived from the original on 30 April 2025. Retrieved 30 April 2025.

65. "Another Indian quadcopter shot down by Pakistan Army near LOC". The Express Tribune. 29 April 2025. Archived from the original on 29 April 2025. Retrieved 30 April 2025.

66. "Pakistan shoots down 2nd Indian quadcopter over airspace violation". Xinhua. Retrieved 30 April 2025.

67. Naqash, Tariq (30 April 2025). "Two Indian drones shot down near LoC". Dawn. Retrieved 30 April 2025.

68. "Pakistan defence minister says military incursion by India is imminent". Reuters.

69. "Pakistan says intelligence suggests Indian military action likely soon". 2025. Archived from the original on 29 April 2025. Retrieved 30 April 2025.

70. "Major Escalation By Pakistan, Firing At International Border, India Responds". NDTV. Archived from the original on 30 April 2025. Retrieved 30 April 2025.

71, "Pak fires along International Border for first time, Army retaliates: Sources". India Today. 30 April 2025. Archived from the original on 30 April 2025. Retrieved 30 April 2025.

72. "Amit Shah's stern warning terrorists". Business Standard. Retrieved 1 May 2024.

73. "Pakistani Ranger captured by BSF along India-Pakistan border in Rajasthan". Times of India. Retrieved 3 May 2025.

74. "Centre Asks For Security Drills In States Amid J&K Tensions, First Since 1971". NDTV. Retrieved 6 May 2025.

75. "Civil Defence Alert: Modi Govt Orders Mock Drills Across States Amid Tensions". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 6 May 2025.

76. "POK flood alert after Pakistan accuses India of Jhelum water release: Report". India Today. 27 April 2025. Archived from the original on 27 April 2025. Retrieved 27 April 2025.

77. "Pahalgam: Panic in PoK after India releases Jhelum water". Firstpost. 27 April 2025. Archived from the original on 27 April 2025. Retrieved 27 April 2025.

78. "Chenab River Flow Drops Near Sialkot After Indus Waters Treaty Suspension, Satellite Images Surface: Reports". Free Press Journal. Retrieved 30 April 2025.

79. "India stops water flow through Baglihar dam Indus Treaty suspension". Kashmir Media Service. 4 May 2025. Retrieved 4 May 2025.

80. "India cuts water flow through Baglihar Dam after suspending Indus Treaty: Source". CNBC TV18. 4 May 2025. Retrieved 4 May 2025.

81. "India launches missile attack in Pakistan as PAF, army retaliate: Security sources". The Express Tribune.

82. "Operation Sindoor LIVE: At least 100 terrorists killed in strikes, says Rajnath Singh". The Hindu. 8 May 2025. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 8 May 2025. Retrieved 8 May 2025.

83. "Pakistan launches Operation Bunyan Marsoos: What we know so far". Abid Hussain. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 9 May 2025.

84. "Transcript of Special briefing by MOD on OPERATION SINDOOR (May 10, 2025)". mea.gov.in. Retrieved 10 May 2025.

85. "India and Pakistan: The first drone war between nuclear-armed neighbours". BBC. 9 May 2025. Retrieved 9 May 2025.

86. "India, Pakistan agree to ceasefire, says Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri". The Hindu. 10 May 2025. ISSN 0971-751X. Wikidata Q134428349. Archived from the original on 10 May 2025.

87. Peshimam, Gibran Naiyyar (10 May 2025). "India and Pakistan agree to an immediate ceasefire". Reuters. Retrieved 10 May 2025.

88. "India and Pakistan accuse each other of 'violations' after ceasefire deal". BBC News. Retrieved 10 May 2025.

89. "UN urges India and Pakistan to show 'maximum restraint' following Kashmir attack". France 24. 25 April 2025. Archived from the original on 25 April 2025. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

99. "Iran offers to play mediator between India, Pak as ties nosedive after J&K attack". India Today. 25 April 2025. Archived from the original on 25 April 2025. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

100. Jump up to:a b "Pahalgam attack: UK, Russia issue travel advisories for Pakistan". The Express Tribune. 23 April 2025. Retrieved 23 April 2025.

101. "Pahalgam attack: Indians in UK protest outside Pak High Commission in London". India Today. 26 April 2025. Retrieved 26 April 2025.

102 "Indian community protests outside Pakistan High Commission in London over Pahalgam attack". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 26 April 2025. Retrieved 26 April 2025.

102. Bukahi, Farayz; Patal, Shivam. "India, Pakistan exchange small arms fire, China urges restraint". Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 April 2025. Retrieved 29 April 2025.

103. Rushali Saha. "Pahalgam Attack Tests West Asian Countries' Neutrality". The Diplomat. Retrieved 30 April 2025.

104. "Bangladesh for peaceful resolution of India-Pakistan tensions: Touhid". New Age. 27 April 2025. Retrieved 30 April 2025.

105. "'Do Not Travel': US issues advisory for J&K in wake of Pahalgam attack". The Times of India. 24 April 2025. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 25 April 2025. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

106. ""This was terrorist attack": US House Foreign Affairs Committee condemns NYT's 'militants' label for Pahalgam attack". The Economic Times. 25 April 2025. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

107 Sophia Saifi; Rhea Mogul (24 April 2025). "A tourist massacre in Kashmir is escalating tensions between India and Pakistan. Here's what we know". CNN. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

108. "'They've had that fight for 1,000 years... both will figure out one way or other': Trump on India-Pakistan tension". The Indian Express. 26 April 2025. Archived from the original on 26 April 2025. Retrieved 26 April 2025.

108. Masood, Salman (2 May 2025). "Pakistan's Leaders May Talk Tough, but War With India Is the Last Thing Pakistanis Want". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2025.

109. "US' Marco Rubio reacts to 'Operation Sindoor': 'Closely monitoring India-Pakistan situation'". The Hindustan Times. 7 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.

110. Roth, Andrew (8 May 2025). "Vance says US won't intervene in India-Pakistan conflict: 'None of our business'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 May 2025.

111. Das, Anupreeta; Mashal, Mujib; Masood, Salman (10 May 2025). "India and Pakistan Announce Cease-Fire but Clashes Persist". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 May 2025.

112. Mashal, Mujib (13 May 2025). "As Trump Crows Over Ending a Conflict, India's Leaders Feel Betrayed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 May 2025.

113. "Who was Abdul Rauf Azhar? Mastermind behind the IC-814 hijack and Daniel Pearl's murder, killed in 'Operation Sindoor'". The Economic Times. 8 May 2025. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 8 May 2025.

113. "How India's Operation Sindoor in Bahawalpur gave Daniel Pearl's story the justice it was denied in Pakistan". The Economic Times. 8 May 2025. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 8 May 2025.

114. "US journalist Daniel Pearl, beheaded by terrorists in Pakistan, gets justice via Operation Sindoor. What happened to him?". The Economic Times. 8 May 2025. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 8 May 2025.

115. "Instagram accounts of several Pak actors including Hania Aamir's blocked in India". India Today. 30 April 2025.

116. "Hania Aamir rubbishes 'entirely fabricated' statement circulating in her name on Pahalgam attack". Images. 2 May 2025.

117. "India-Pakistan conflict: 430 flights cancelled, 27 airports to remain shut in India till May 10". Gulf News. IANS. 8 May 2025. Retrieved 8 May 2025.

118. "Flights avoid Pakistan airspace after India's pre-dawn missile strikes". The Independent. 8 May 2025. Retrieved 8 May 2025.

119. "Pakistani stars fire back at India's war talk, call for peace with strength". The News. Retrieved 4 May 2025.

120. "India-Pakistan conflict: 'We need to stand united'". BBC. 9 May 2025.

121. "Nepali human rights activists protest in front of Pakistan Embassy in Kathmandu, calls for de-escalation". Lokmat Times. 9 May 2025.

 

 

 

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